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EDU221 - Introduction to Education

Signal Phrases & Source Integration

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In-text Citation Examples & Basic Rules

A Work by Two Authors: 

Research by Crossman and Kirk (2017) suggests that students in EDU221 are most likely to succeed.

OR

Students in EDU221 are most likely to succeed (Crossman & Kirk, 2017).
 

A Work by Three to Five Authors: 

Campbell, Martinez, Yi, Kang, & Jones (2016) assert that Montessori preschools help to close the income gap.

In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.

(Campbell et al., 2016)
 

Unknown Author or Organization as Author: If no author is listed, cite the source by its title or if there is an organizational author, list the organization, government agency, etc.

Proponents of essentialism believe that schools should adhere to stricter disciplinary measures and to study the basics. ("Essentialism," 2010).

OR

According to the Coalition of Essential Schools (2017),...
 

Short quotations

Direct quotes need the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Kirk (2017), "Everyone can connect to a story. It's wired within us as humans" (p. 199). 
 

Or, if you don't name the author in the signal phrase, be sure to include the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Everyone can connect to a story. It's wired within us as humans" (Kirk, 2017, p. 199).
 

Summary or paraphrase

When paraphrasing you are not required to cite a page number, only the author and year of publication, however, this practice is encouraged for the audience's ease of use. 

According to Kirk (2017), human beings are naturally predisposed to relate to stories.