IV. Influence of Social, Historical, & Political Dimensions - CAP220 - The Counselor in a Multicultural Society - LibGuides at Paradise Valley Community College

Social Group Membership: A social body or organization to which people belong as members, especially when they feel that the group has formally or informally accepted them into its ranks. Such groups, which include clubs, societies, cliques, teams, and political parties, often explicitly distinguish between individuals who belong to the group and those who do not. - APA Dictionary of Psychology; Majority Group; Majority group does not refer to a numerical majority. Majority group refers to the group that has power. Majority group is a more dominant group in any State or Situation. Many writers now suggest and use the terms subordinate group" and "dominant group rather than Minority Group" and majority group. Minority may include any group that is subnormal with respect to a dominant group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and political power. A majority-minority area or minority-majority area is a term used in the United States to refer to a jurisdiction in which one or more racial and/or ethnic minorities make up a majority of the local population. - Sociology Index; Minority Group; Minority group is group on the margins of social power, social status or the allocation of resources within the society. "Visible minority" refer to those racial or ethnic groups in a society which are marginal from the power and economic structure of society, not to those which are few in number. In South Africa, Blacks are the statistical majority but were for countless decades a social minority. Many writers suggest and use the terms subordinate group and dominant group rather than minority group and majority Group. - Sociology Index or Wikipedia definition.

IV. C - Intersectionality

Intersectionality - International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences(Vol. 4. 2nd ed.)
The premise of intersectionality theory, first articulated by feminists of color, is that social differentiation is achieved through complex interactions between markers of difference such as gender, race, and class. In order to comprehend how an individual’s access to social, political, and economic institutions is differentially experienced, it is necessary to analyze how markers of difference intersect and interact.
Intersectionality - Encyclopedia of Race and Racism (Vol. 2. 2nd ed.)
Intersectionality refers to the interaction between gender, race, and other categories of difference in individual lives, social practices, institutional arrangements, and cultural ideologies and the outcomes of these interactions in terms of power (Davis 2008, p. 68). As a framework and concept within the social sciences, intersectionality has its roots in a seminal paper written by UCLA law professor Kimberlé Crenshaw titled “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics” (1989).
Intersectionality - Prejudice, Bias & Discrimination (2nd ed.)
Intersectionality, one of the foundational concepts within the social sciences, complicates traditional approaches toward the study of race, gender, class, and sexuality by treating these factors as interconnected variables that shape an individual's overall life experiences, rather than as isolated variables. Power, privilege, and oppression are often much more complex than has been traditionally thought, as an individual may be relatively privileged in one or more aspects of their life, while simultaneously experiencing prejudice, discrimination, or oppression stemming from other aspects of their social background or identity.
Intersectionality: A Model for Addressing the Complexity of Oppression and Privilege
Intersectionality is a model that effectively addresses complex individual, relational,
structural, and ideological aspects of domination and privilege arising from forms of difference treated oppressively
Towards an intersectional model of desistance for black offenders
Intersectionality is an understanding of human beings as shaped by the interaction of different social locations. These interactions occur within a context of connected systems and structure of power. Through such processes independent forms of privilege and oppression are created. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

IV. C1 - Evaluate how historical dimensions influence contemporary experiences of members of minority groups

The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities
the racial and ethnic makeup of the American people is in flux. New immigrants from Asia and Latin America have added a large measure of cultural and phenotypic diversity to the American population in recent decades, just as waves of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe did a century ago

IV. C2 - Evaluate how social dimensions influence contemporary experiences of members of minority groups

Minority Group Status and Healthful Aging: Social Structure Still Matters
During the last 4 decades, a rapid increase has occurred in the number of survey-based and epidemiological studies of the health profiles of adults in general and of the causes of disparities between majority and minority Americans in particular.
America's Racial and Ethnic Minorities
The 20th century has witnessed the transformation of the United States from a predominately white population rooted in Western culture to a society with a rich array of racial and ethnic minorities

IV. C3 - Evaluate how political dimensions influence contemporary experiences of members of minority groups

The Impact of Race and Ethnicity, Immigration, and Political Context on Participation in American Electoral Politics
This study uses national survey data in federal election years during 1996-2004 to examine voter registration and voting. It shows that racial/ethnic disparities in socio-economic resources and rootedness in the community do not explain overall group differences in electoral participation