Key References
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- Cheng C-A, Chiu Y-W, Wu D, et al. Effectiveness of tai chi on fibromyalgia patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2019;46:1-8.
- Choo YT, Jiang Y, Hong J, et al. Effectiveness of tai chi on quality of life, depressive symptoms and physical function among community-dwelling older adults with chronic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2020;111:103737.
- Cui H, Wang Q, Pedersen M, et al. The safety of tai chi: a meta-analysis of adverse events in randomized controlled trials. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2019;82:85-92.
- Gao Q, Leung A, Yang Y, et al. Effects of tai chi on balance and fall prevention in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2014;28(8):748-753.
- Hu L, Wang Y, Liu X, et al. Tai chi exercise can ameliorate physical and mental health of patients with knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2021;35(1);64-79.
- Kamieniarz A, Milert A, Grzybowska-Ganszczyk D, et al. Tai chi and qi gong therapies as a complementary treatment in Parkinson’s disease—a systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2021;56:102589.
- Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee. Arthritis Care & Research. 2020;72(2):149-162.
- Li F, Harmer P, Eckstrom E, et al. Clinical effectiveness of cognitively enhanced tai ji quan training on global cognition and dual-task performance during walking in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or self-reported memory concerns: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2023;176(11):1498-1507.
- Li F, Harmer P. Economic evaluation of a tai ji quan intervention to reduce falls in people with Parkinson disease, Oregon 2008–2011. Preventing Chronic Disease. 2015;12:E120.
- Li GY, Wang W, Liu GL, et al. Effects of tai chi on balance and gait in stroke survivors: a systematic meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2018;50(7):582-588.
- Lim KH, Pysklywec A, Plante M, et al. The effectiveness of tai chi for short-term cognitive function improvement in the early stages of dementia in the elderly: a systematic literature review. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2019;14:827-839.
- Liu L, Tan H, Yu S, et al. The effectiveness of tai chi in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2020;38:101078.
- Liu T, Chan AW, Liu YH, et al. Effects of tai chi-based cardiac rehabilitation on aerobic endurance, psychosocial well-being, and cardiovascular risk reduction among patients with coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2018;17(4):368-383.
- Liu X, Fu C, Hu W, et al. The effect of tai chi on the pulmonary rehabilitation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2021;10(4):3763-3782.
- Mudano AS, Tugwell P, Wells GA, et al. Tai chi for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;9(9):CD004849. Accessed at cochranelibrary.com on January 20, 2022.
- Nocera JR, Amano S, Vallabhajosula S, et al. Tai chi exercise to improve non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Yoga and Physical Therapy. 2013;3:10.4172/2157-7595.1000137.
- Qin J, Zhang Y, Wu L, et al. Effect of tai chi alone or as additional therapy on low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(37):e17099.
- Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK, et al. Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;1(1):CD012424. Accessed at cochranelibrary.com on January 20, 2022.
- Solianik R, Mickevičienė D, Žlibinaitė L, et al. Tai chi improves psychoemotional state, cognition, and motor learning in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Experimental Gerontology. 2021;150:111363.
- Taylor-Piliae RE, Finley BA. Tai chi exercise for psychological well-being among adults with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2020;19(7):580-591.
- Wayne PM, Lee MS, Novakowski J, et al. Tai chi and qigong for cancer-related symptoms and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2018;12(2):256-267.
- Xu S, Baker JS, Ren F. The positive role of tai chi in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(14):7479.
- You Y, Liu J, Tang M, et al. Effects of tai chi exercise on improving walking function and posture control in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(16):e25655.
- Zhong D, Li J, Yang H, et al. Tai chi for essential hypertension: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Current Hypertension Reports. 2020;22(3):25.
- Zhong D, Xiao Q, Xiao X, et al. Tai chi for improving balance and reducing falls: an overview of 14 systematic reviews. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;63(6):505-517.
- Zhou Z, Zhou R, Li K, et al. Effects of tai chi on physiology, balance and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2019;51(6):405-417.
Other References
- Chen Y-W, Hunt MA, Campbell KL, et al. The effect of tai chi on four chronic conditions—cancer, osteoarthritis, heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016;50(7):397-407.
- Field T, Diego M, Delgado J, et al. Tai chi/yoga reduces prenatal depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2013;19(1):6-10.
- Klein PJ, Baumgarden J, Schneider R. Qigong and tai chi as therapeutic exercise: survey of systematic reviews and meta-analyses addressing physical health conditions. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2019;25(5):48-53.
- Liu D, Yi L, Sheng M, et al. The efficacy of tai chi and qigong exercises on blood pressure and blood levels of nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in patients with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020;2020:3267971.
- Liu F, Cui J, Liu X, et al. The effect of tai chi and qigong exercise on depression and anxiety of individuals with substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2020;20(1):161.
- Oyarzabal EA, Seuferling B, Babbar S, et al. Mind-body techniques in pregnancy and postpartum. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021;64(3):683-703.
- Physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period: ACOG committee opinion, Number 804. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;135(4):e178-e188.
- Rogers T, Weaver J. Regulating the practice and teaching of qigong and t’ai chi. The Journal of Traditional Eastern Health & Fitness. 2019:18-25.
- Toots A, Littbrand H, Lindelöf N, et al. Effects of a high-intensity functional exercise program on dependence in activities of daily living and balance in older adults with dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2016;64(1):55-64.
- Urits I, Schwartz RH, Orhurhu V, et al. A comprehensive review of alternative therapies for the management of chronic pain patients: acupuncture, tai chi, osteopathic manipulative medicine, and chiropractic care. Advances in Therapy. 2021;38(1):76-89.
- Zeng Y, Xie X, Cheng ASK. Qigong or tai chi in cancer care: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Oncology Reports. 2019;21(6):48.
Acknowledgments
NCCIH thanks Inna Belfer, M.D., Ph.D., Lanay Mudd, Ph.D., and David Shurtleff, Ph.D., NCCIH, for their review of this 2022 publication.
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Last Updated: November 2023